Asthma
Overview
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of airways, in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.
The prevalence of asthma was one percent in 1964 in the country. But, new data as per WAO (World Allergy Organization) shows that about 14 per cent people now have asthma .The way these are occurring, WAO believes, that by 2050, about 50 percent of all children will have some sort of allergies.
Symptoms
1
Recurrent episodes of wheezing
2
Troublesome cough at night
3
Cough, wheezing, chest tightness after exposure to airborne allergens or pollutant
4
Cough or wheeze after exercise
5
Common Cold go to the chest or takes more than 10 days to clear
Since these symptoms could occur due to the other causes also, your doctors would have to confirm the diagnosis
Asthma Triggers
1
Dust Mite
2
Indoor moulds
3
Smell
4
Exercise
5
Infection in upper airway, nose, throat
6
Pollens from grass, trees ,plants and flowers
7
Smoke
8
Viral infection
9
Weather change
10
Cockroaches
What happens to lung during an asthma attack?
The airway mucosa (inner lining of airway) swells up and secrets thick mucus, which obstructs the airways. The muscles around the airway tighten making the airway narrower. All this makes breathing very difficult.
If the doctor suspects asthma how will he confirm the diagnosis?
1
Detailed evaluation of symptoms
2
Routine tests for example x-ray chest, blood test etc
3
Physical examination
4
Pulmonary function testing
5
Allergy testing- This test is done to distinguish allergic & non allergic asthma. In allergic asthma it is used to identify the specific allergen & avoidance measures are suggested accordingly.
Lung function tests are done to
- Determine the cause of breathing problems.
- Diagnose certain lung diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Evaluate a person’s lung function before surgery.
- Check the lung function of a person who is regularly exposed to substances such as asbestos that can damage the lungs.
- Check the effectiveness of treatment for lung diseases
The tests determine how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs
The tests can diagnose lung diseases, measure the severity of lung problems, and check to see how well treatment for a lung disease is working.
What are the medications used for treatment of asthma and how they work?
Asthma disease has constellation symptoms. The symptoms that are perceived by us are mainly coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and night awakening, that makes the tip of the iceberg .These symptoms respond well to the short term asthma reliever medications for example bronchodilators.
Other symptoms that are constantly present in asthmatic patients are difficulty in breathing out, airway hypersensitivity, excess mucus production and swollen airway. These symptoms do not alarm an asthmatic as they become use to these symptoms. For reduction of underlying airway swelling and these symptoms, it is necessary to use preventer medications regularly.
Asthma treatment consist of two basic classes of medications
So that preventer medications should be taken regularly till the doctor advice it to be stopped.
What are Inhalers?
The inhalers are devices by which the medications are delivered into the tubes of the lung. With the help of inhaler drug can be delivered directly to the larger surface area of the air tubes resulting in rapidaction.
As inhaler devices directly deposit the medicine into the lung tubes, dose of medicine is reduced significantly.
The same medicines in the form of tablets, injections, syrups have side effects where as inhaler does not have any side effect.
What should I do to keep my Asthma under control?
1
Take the correct amount of medicine.
2
Avoid coming in contact with allergen.
3
Avoid asthma triggers.
4
Avoid emotional stressful situations.
5
egular follow up with your physician.
Complications of Asthma
Complication of asthma includes respiratory failure, death and growth retardation in children.
Myths of Asthma
1
Asthma is a contagious disease.
2
Inhalers are addictive.
3
Steroid inhalers have a lot of side effects.
4
People with asthma cannot work or exercise.
5
Inhales are very strong and they should be used as last resort in asthma.
Realities of Asthma
1
Asthma is not a contagious disease.
2
Inhalers are not addictive.
3
Inhaled steroids are safe even if taken for a prolonged period.
4
Asthmatics on regular treatment can work and exercise normally.
5
Inhalers deliver a small dose of medicines and so that they are the first and safest form of treatment for asthma.
Types of Asthma
1
Unresponsive Asthma
2
Complicated Asthma
3
Brittle asthma
4
Allergic asthma
5
Nonallergic asthma
6
Potentially fatal asthma
7
Malignant potentially asthma
8
Aspirin induced asthma
9
Occupational asthma
10
Exercise induced asthma
11
Variant asthma
12
Factitious asthma
13
Vocal Cord Dysfunction and Asthma
14
Coexistent Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
15
Irreversible asthma
Unresponsive Asthma
Antiasthma therapy is very effective in treating and controlling asthma symptoms but few patients fail to respond, and continue experiencing troublesome asthma related symptoms even on taking asthma medications on regular basis.
The reason behind unresponsiveness is commonly due to the wrong inhaler technique, tobacco smoke, significant environmental allergen exposure and significant occupational exposure.
Beside this some drugs for example beta blockers, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors produces asthma like symptoms.
Any concurrent disease for example gastroesophageal reflux disease, COPD, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, systemic disease, thyrotoxicosis and vasculitis may be the cause of poor symptom control.
Your physician needs to diagnose and treat the concurrent medical condition for the better control.
Complicated Asthma
Although most asthma patients respond well to comprehensive treatment, a few with symptoms and signs of severe asthma supported by objective evidence of obstructive airway disease will have a decidedly inadequate response to treatment.Less than 5% of asthma patients are diagnosed with severe asthma. Among these, some fail to respond to even aggressive asthma management. Such patients are often treated with daily oral corticosteroids, and many become steroid dependent. However, some severe asthma patients have a poor response to even high doses of glucocorticosteroids. Many become steroid-dependent. The term steroid-resistant asthma has been applied to asthma patients who have little or no objective response (improvement in FEV1‚) to even prolonged treatment of high-dose glucocorticosteroids.
It is now clear that the category of severe unresponsive asthma is heterogenous and includes not only steroid-resistant asthma, but also other severe asthmatics that are affected by various co morbidities (e.g., GERD, chronic sinusitis, paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction, bronchopulmonary aspergillosus, psychopathology, uncontrolled triggers {allergens and pollution} immunodeficiency, etc.). These patients may benefit from a consultation at a major academic canter (e.g., National Jewish Health) for a second opinion, always searching for a solution.
Brittle asthma
Is a rare form of severe asthma characterized by a wide variation of Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), in spite of heavy doses of steroids.
Type 2 is characterized by acute attacks occurring within minutes that could lead to death, with a background of well controlled asthma.
Type 1 | Type 2 | |
---|---|---|
Sex F/M | 2.5 F: 1 M | 1F:1M |
Age yr | 15-55 | - |
Atopy | Yes | No |
Food intolerance | Yes | No |
Psychological factors | Yes | No |
Morbidity | High | - |
Mortality | - | High |